An Analysis of the Code of Professional Conduct and Ethics...

AN ANALYSIS OF THE CODE OF PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT AND ETHICS OF IPRA AND CERP IN RELATION WITH THAT OF NIPR ABSTRACT Professional code of conduct and ethics has come to stay with all professions who wish to promote healthy relationship and commitment of its member. These ethics and code of conducts help streamline the activities of members in the performance of their tasks. Public relations practice have over the years become an accepted human endeavour and the application of this code have become important. This work analyzes the code of professional conduct and ethics of International Public Relations Association (IPRA) and the Centre of European Des Relations Publiques (CERP) and compares them with that of the Nigerian Institute of†¦show more content†¦A Public Relations practitioner in performing service for a client or employer must not collect monetary gratifications from anyone except his client or employer without the consent of the client/employer given after disclosure of facts. This is sacrosanct so as avoid sabotage because when a practitioner is on a job and begins to get gif ts/rewards from others, it may lead to betrayal. In signing an agreement with a client, a Public Relations practitioner shall refrain from requesting a fee or other forms of compensation based on the achievement of certain results, he shall conduct towards the public and the media. The relationship between a Public Relations practitioners and the public and media is key in achieving the desired goal/objective of any campaign. The IPRA has it that a practitioner shall conduct his professional activities in accordance with the public interest and with full respect for the dignity of the individual. The Public Relation practitioner must have respect for human beings and must have the interest of the public at heart in carrying out his activities. In carrying out their activities public relation practitioners shall not engage in any practice which tends to corrupt the integrity of the channels of public communication. The practitioner must be truthful to the media in his activities and shall not intentionally disseminate false or misleading

Types of Attitude Free Essays

An individual may have a number of attitudes regarding different aspects of life, but the field of OB focuses only on the study of job-related attitudes. OB specifically focuses on three attitudes: job satisfaction, job involvement and organizational commitment Job satisfaction In the field of OB, job satisfaction is one of the most important and widely studied attitudes. Job satisfaction refers to an individual’s general attitude towards his or her job. We will write a custom essay sample on Types of Attitude or any similar topic only for you Order Now It has been described by Edwin A. Locke as the pleasurable or positive emotional state that results when an individual evaluates his job or job experience. Job satisfaction results when an individual perceives that his job provides him with what is important to him. The three important dimensions of job satisfaction are provided below: i) Job satisfaction is an emotional response to a job. This response can be inferred but not seen. ii) The job satisfaction that an individual derives from his job depends on the extent to which outcomes meet his expectations.For example, if an employee feels that he is getting more salary and more autonomy in his company than his friends in other organizations, he will have a high level of job satisfaction and a favorable attitude towards his superiors, peers and the work itself. If he feels that his salary and decision-making power is at par with that of his friends, he will experience only moderate job satisfaction; and if he feels that he is getting much less pay and autonomy than his friends, he will experience job dissatisfaction and will develop a negative attitude towards his work and superiors. ii) Job satisfaction reflects other attitudes of employees. Effects of job Satisfaction Research has shown that high job satisfaction has an impact on an employee’s life inside the organization as well as outside the organization. Employees who are highly satisfied with their jobs have low stress levels (and thus have better mental and physical health), have less on-the-job accidents, and have fewer grievances. They also show enthusiasm in learning job-related tasks. Satisfied employees have high morale and help fellow employees, customers and other people in society by undertaking social activities.Thus, we can say that job satisfaction is of value to the overall health and effectiveness of an organization. Job involvement Job involvement is a new concept in the field of OB. It refers to the extent to which a person identifies himself psychologically with his job, actively participates in it, and considers that his performance in the job contributes to his self-worth. Employees who are highly involved with their jobs strongly identify themselves with the kind of work they do and strive to deliver quality work.Research has shown that high levels of job involvement lead to lower absenteeism and employee turnover levels. Organizational commitment Organizational commitment refers to an employee’s satisfaction with a particular organization and its goals. An employee who has a high level of organizational commitment is a strong supporter of the values and goals of the organization, has a strong inclination to continue being a member of the organization, and wants to strive hard to achieve the goals of the organization.The organizational commitment of an employee is affected by a numb er of personal and organizational variables. Personal variables include the employee’s age, his tenure in the organization, and his attitude towards his job. Organizational variables include the job design and the leadership style of the superior. Sometimes, even non-organizational factors may influence an employee’s commitment, such as, the state of the job market and other career options available to the employee. John P. Meyer and Natalie J.Allen developed a three-component model to understand the multidimensional nature of organizational commitment. The three components (or dimensions) of organizational commitment are: i) Affective commitment: This is concerned with the employee’s emotional attachment and involvement with the organization. ii) Continuance commitment: This is influenced by the costs that could accrue to the employee if he leaves the organization. iii) Normative commitment: This refers to the extent to which an employee feels obligated to continue in the organization. Outcomes of job satisfactionFor years, management researchers and practitioners have tried to find out the impact of employee job satisfaction on organizational effectiveness. They wanted to know whether job dissatisfaction would lead to decline in employee output and, consequently, organizational performance. They analyzed the outcomes of job satisfaction by studying the relationship between job satisfaction and various other organizational aspects such as productivity, turnover, absenteeism, etc. Satisfaction and absenteeism Research studies have shown that job satisfaction and absenteeism have an inverse relationship.A high level of job satisfaction leads to low absenteeism and a low level of job satisfaction results in high absenteeism . However, other variables, such as the extent to which people consider their jobs important, also have an impact on absenteeism. A research conducted on state government employees in the US revealed that the employees who felt that their jobs were important took less leave than employees who did not feel that their work was important. The research also revealed that job satisfaction may not necessarily result in low absenteeism, but low job satisfaction will lead to high absenteeism.Satisfaction and productivity Though many people assume that there is a positive relationship between satisfaction and performance, research results have proved that there is no strong relation between satisfaction and productivity. There are other mediating variables like rewards that lead to an increase in productivity. Recent research findings suggest that though satisfaction may not bring about considerable improvement in individual performance, it does result in an overall improvement in organization al performance.Satisfaction and turnover Research has indicated that only a moderate relationship exists between satisfaction and turnover. High job satisfaction will not eliminate employee turnover but will only help reduce the rate of turnover. While job dissatisfaction will encourage employees to switch organizations at the slightest opportunity for better prospects in other organizations, the satisfied employees will consider several aspects before leaving the organization.Job tenure (the number of years an employee has worked in a job in an organization) is another factor that has an impact on turnover. The higher the job tenure of an employee in an organization, the lower the chances of his leaving the organization. An individual’s commitment to the organization also affects the relationship between satisfaction and turnover. Some people are so accustomed to a certain job, colleagues and work environment that they cannot think of working elsewhere.Therefore, they continue to work in the same organization, without being concerned about their level of satisfaction. A country’s economy and the employment scenario also influence turnover. If the economy is booming and there are adequate employment opportunities available, even satisfied employees may leave their organizations and seek better prospects elsewhere. Though turnover, to some extent, benefits organizations by bringing in new talent, a high turnover rate is undesirable because the organization loses in terms of productive time and training costs. How to cite Types of Attitude, Papers

Financial Risk free essay sample

The essay will analysis and discuss risk and regulation method for banks. There are different types of risks in bank operation; for instance, interest rate risk, credit risk, liquidity risk and operation risk. This essay will focus on the liquidity risk problem in bank and regulation countermeasure of liquidity risk. Regulators improved level of risk management after global financial crisis; therefore, the Basel Banking Supervision Committee put forward new principle to reduce bank risk. The key finding is new regulation from Basel? to manage liquidity risk in this essay. Introduction In recent years, banks became increasingly complex institutions and exposed to an intertwined set of risks. There are different types of risks in bank; it focuses on the liquidity risk in this essay. Banks faced more serious liquidity risk, in order to increase bank cash flow and liquidity assets. The liquidity risk plays an important role for commercial bank operation. The liquidity risk indicates that bank lacks of marketability of  investment  and cannot sale it quickly to prevent loss. We will write a custom essay sample on Financial Risk or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Nikolaou, 2009). The liquidity risk has two types, one is funding liquidity risk and another one is market liquidity risk. (Nikolaou, 2009). The strong of uncertainty and destructiveness are characteristics of liquidity risk; therefore, liquidity risk also called the most deadly risk for commercial banks. In 2008 global financial crisis, the liquidity risk was also one of trigger for Lehman Brother Bank bankruptcy. Liquidity risk problems become more and more important reason of bank failure; therefore, this is reason for author select liquidity risk to analysis. Analysis There are different types of risks in banks; for example, interest rate, liquidity risk, credit risk and default risk. After global financial crisis, the liquidity risk became a serious problem for bank bankruptcy. Liquidity risk is the sensitivity of stock returns to unexpected changes in market liquidity. (Jeffrey, 2011). The liquidity risk is a key issue for investment portfolios, liquidity securities of investments that have a ready market and relatively stable price over time. (Hudings, 2013) Basel Banking Supervision Committee improved Basel? o Basel? and issued new standard for liquidity risk regulation. The two ratios can calculate an accurate data to evaluate liquidity risk in banks. The two ratios measure the financial stability arising from the improvement in the bank and reduce the risk of financial sector to the real economy. Conclusion The liquidity risk plays an important role in financial crisis, it also a key trigger to make bank failure. Regulators issued many policies to prevent liquidity risk; for instance, liquidity ratio and liquidity buffer. These policies lack of power of regulation to liquidity risk after financial crisis; therefore, regulator issued new standard to manage liquidity risk- Liquidity Coverage Ratio (LCR) and Net Stable Founding Ration (NSFR) from Basel? Accord. The two ratios will become more important model to evaluate liquidity risk. LCR ratio improves the short-term resilience of a banks liquidity risk and the NSFR ratio can stable balance sheet. Besides, the two ratios can calculate from formula; moreover, result of ratios evaluates liquidity risk accurately.

Who Is The Real Monster In Frankenstein Essay Example For Students

Who Is The Real Monster In Frankenstein Essay The character named Victor in the book Frankenstein written by Mary Shelly, is a likable figure. His demeanor on the whole was very pleasant as he grew from a boy into an adult. Victors passion for the sciences is very strong, and had stayed studious in his youth. Victors mother died when he was age 17, and that is when he decides that he will discover a way to rid the world of sickness and death, so people could stay with each other forever. Victor went on to medical school, and after many intense years of research and study Victor gathers enough parts from cadavers to begin creating life which he believes will be much better than our existence. We will write a custom essay on Who Is The Real Monster In Frankenstein specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Victor is a likable character because his intentions are good, all he wanted to do was conquer death and illnesses. This idea by it self comes from a man that is caring and doesnt want anybody to go through what he went through and also to keep himself from going through the same ordeal again. Victor finally creates life in the form of a man, with many parts sewn together it has made his creation hideous. Victor, not believing he had done this deed became frightened and ran away from the monster. The monster is automatically shunned by his maker who made judgment by relating ugliness with evil. Later on Victors brother William is found strangled and the accused is a girl who had grown up with Victor. Victor knows immediately that she didnt do this, but Victor was not able to help her because she is immediately lynched and hanged by the people. Victor decides he would prefer to live in the solitude of nature where he meets with the monster that he thinks has been dead for the last two years. The monster has learned how to speak, read, and write, The monster had learned of his creation from a diary Victor had kept and the monster had found it in an old coat. He told Victor that he had lived in a shack and observed the family and that is how he learned spee!ch, reading, and w riting. He also told Victor that he killed Victors brother. Victor has almost fully realized the consequences of his creation it was not the monster who had killed his brother, or the people who had killed the girl, but it was his own doing through his actions. At this point the monster is not a very likable character, the author has already made the monster ugly and a killer. The monster kills every one close to Victor, even his bride. It seems what started out in innocence is now very corrupt and evil. The likable characters in this book didnt have any deformities, or flaws, they were made caring and good. Society expects anything that is beautiful to be good. In this novel the requirements for being likable is to have money, friendship, and beauty. The monster is already unlikable for the fact that he doesnt have any of these attributes, and with the killing added to the lack of good attributes makes him that much more unlikable. I think that in todays society that we are much more caring and sensitive to the needs of the crippled and deformed, but there are still hesitant feelings towards them by some people, but not to the extent of the monster. Society respects the handicapped and accepts them in todays world. Im sure the story would have been different if Victor had been the monsters mentor from the very beginning.

Essay on Intel’s Site Selection Decision in Latin America

Essay on Intel’s Site Selection Decision in Latin America Essay on Intel’s Site Selection Decision in Latin America Essay on Intel’s Site Selection Decision in Latin AmericaQ1. Why is Intel interested in investing internationally? Why does the company want to invest in Latin America?The speed of competition in the microprocessor segment of hardware industry is very intensive. According to Moore’s law, the power of microprocessors which is pushed by the laws of competitive market doubles every 18 months (Nelson, 2000). Intel is the market leader and in order to retain its leadership, the company needs to invest into RD and open new centers of production simultaneously. International investments allow Intel to get the most of international specialization and diversify its production; Intel can use the advantages of different regions such as engineering achievements and management talents in the United States, availability of supplies and labor in Asia, etc.Since investing both into RD and expanding manufacturing volumes is expensive, Intel has to consider new locations with lower manuf acturing costs. Latin America has a number of advantages in this sense: low cost of labor, availability of labor, logistical and time closeness to the United States (Nelson, 2000). In addition, Intel already had several centers in Asia but did not enter Latin America yet, so it would be a reasonable step towards improving international diversification of the business.Q2. What characteristics does the company seek in a country where it will locate its investment?It is reasonable to pay attention to the following factors in the target country: economic and political stability, labor regulations and labor unions, the presence and availability of educated/skilled workforce and the country’s infrastructure. For some companies, it might be necessary to assess the demand for a particular product or service; yet, for Intel, in the considered case, local demand was not important since the microprocessors were intended for export (Nelson, 2000).The characteristics required from the cou ntry selected for locating the investments also include: low or at least moderate level of criminal activity, good (or at least neutral) attitude to expatriates, low level of corruption, the absence of other security risks such as elevated criminal activity, good roads/airports and the availability of transportation means (cars, trucks, planes). One of the important aspects for choosing the country for virtually any company is the level of taxation, taxes for international investors and the presence of tax incentives for the considered business. In addition, it is necessary to consider the impact of cultural factors on future collaboration (for example, using Hofstede’s model of cultural dimensions and differences).Q3. What are the pros of each country on Intel’s short list?There were 4 countries on Intel’s short-list: Costa Rica, Brazil, Chile and Mexico (Nelson, 2000). The pros of Costa Rica included: political stability, availability of talented engineers and the presence of a powerful technology-focused organization (CINDE) in the country (Nelson, 2000). Additional advantages of Costa Rica included educational flexibility, low level of labor unionization, good level of general English proficiency and generous incentives for investors. With regard to Brazil, key advantages were: high availability of technical personnel, tax incentives for computer industry (yet no tax exemptions), the presence of many other technology companies and good infrastructure.The pros of Chile for Intel were advanced infrastructure, sophisticated engineering training programs and low unionization (Nelson, 2000). Finally, the advantages of Mexico included a very advantageous location in Mexican Silicon Valley, the presence of many other large computing companies in this area, the presence of expatriates, great infrastructure, impressive supply of skilled engineers and technicians and governmental support of technological investments.

Environmental regulation and economic productivity Essay

Environmental regulation and economic productivity - Essay Example Although these arguments have risen among several organizations, the fact remains that yet to be defined. Most of their research shows that environmental regulation are bas most of the impacts on economic growth. Additionally, they show that tight regulations such as emission of gases could be expensive to tackle and reduce their effects to the living organisms. Most of the industries use the fuel to that is harmful to the ozone layer. Impacts of state environmental policies on average annual growth 1990-1992 Economic indicators Coefficient probability No Relationship Odds of a negative Relationship Gross rate Non-farm employment Manufacturing employment Business failure rate -.36 0.32 -0.13 0.58 -0.14 0.66 -13.59 0.22 3.2:1 1:2:1 1:2:1 1:142 The research shows that among the surviving companies in the world, the rate of pollution will depend on the production processes that are involved. The studies shows have shown that the economists know that regulations are seldom good for the e conomy unless the mutual benefits are spend on outweighing the cost of production. Hence, most of them end up spending a lot of time evaluating the cost and the significances of proposed regulations and productivity. It has also been suggested that economists that regulations could be a good business opportunity for some other innovators even though high costs are imposed on them. For instance, producer/manufacturers that are the origins of discovering good ways of doing away with the environmental pollution play a big role to maintain the prices low through profit analysis. Additionally, the economists may tend to exploited profit from the sellers because of technology. But, some business ideas can makes others to...This essay describes the basic regulations that have been set by the international body to regulate environmental pollution. The paper also analyze both positive and negative effects of environmental regulations on the production. Environmental regulations have been widely discussed in the U.S. according to the economic cost. This activism began some years back with an aim of reducing and restricting pollution and emission for a duration of time regarding that through four decades clean water and air were inadequate. Regulations imposed on the environment are said to reduce productivity. Regulation has continued to rise progressively across the world since 1970s as environmental value has implicit growing significance on both the political and civic agenda. In the United States, total Pollution abatement management overheads are about 1.5-2.5% of GDP per year. Environmental regulation and economic productivity has been analyzed as a basic tool through which the plants are generally force to reduce the emission. Although this has happened to be so much speculating, environmental regulations must be eligible of to handle many cases such as reduced production in agricultural sector. The essay has clarified the similarities between environment and production activities whereby in most cases the plants are being accused as the biggest and the core causes of environmental pollution through emission of gases. The gases are considered to cause hazardous effects to the ozone layer.

The Novelty of Whole Foods Market Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Novelty of Whole Foods Market - Essay Example The Net Income was $203.8 million and the annual growth was 49.5%. It employs 39,500 people worldwide and is free of unions. (Hoovers). This is a result of its clear Management Strategies. Â  Determining the strategic drivers of the company is the primary task of top management. This mission is aided by PEST and SWOT Analysis. With this assessment, objectives are set. This involves the formulation of Vision Statements, Mission Statements, Corporate Objectives, Strategic Business Units, and Tactical Objectives. These objectives suggest a strategic plan. The plan provides the details of how to achieve these objectives. Once the plan is formulated it needs to be implemented. The implementation process must be detailed to the minutest degree as this is the crux of the whole strategy. (Thompson Arthur A.,) Â  WFM’s mission statement has been spelled out as the stakeholder philosophy. For them it is customers first, then the team members, balanced with what’s good for other stakeholders, such as shareholders, vendors, the community, and the environment. (Corporate Board Member, January/February 2007). These are the core values of the company that has been followed with exceptional zeal throughout their corporate history. It must be said that the leadership has played a vital role in this outcome. Â  The Chairman and CEO John P. Mackey was named the 2003 Overall National Ernst & Young Entrepreneur of the Year. This a tribute to his overall commitment that has keyed up the whole company for almost three decades. His handling of delicate issues like the confrontation with Michael Pollan, author of The Omnivores Dilemma, both in person and through his blogs, (Mackey. John), and his statement on Conscious Capitalism has gone down well with both the customers as well as Wall Street. He has stated that conscious capitalism is in harmony with all interest and each stakeholder, be it the customer, worker or shareholder.