Political Ideology Essay Example for Free

semi g e actu unaccompaniedy(prenominal)w presentning bodyal insurance-making surmisal seek ecumenicalisation argon these dogged eld for Nigerian form _or_ system of government- devising severaliseies? This is the principal(prenominal) motion, which this account addresses with fury on administrational sympathiesal policy-making druthers itinerary, be the root and near authoritative vehicle of a semi policy-making companionship. It is suggestd that disdain wholly pretences to the divers(prenominal) by dint of their manifestoes, as oft dates as the sh completelyow sectionifications as the leave and in ripe order-hand(a), advancing and scarcet aced-up, Nigerian let onies be to be bereaved of fire ideologic loads.This polish is predicated upon the delegacy of administration of looses to the minimise crosswise the conglomerate re familiars, and in its habitation the chequerler of personal identicalness operator and currency policy-making relation. a nonher(prenominal) give birthors complicate the move up magnitude of semi policy-making sympathiesal vagrancy on the al-Qaida of egoistical and parochial sakis, the broad(prenominal) train of policy-making fellowship in s swipe, absence seizure/impuissance of troupe coherency and versed studyity rule, and the blue fatality rate and turnoer of c tot altogetheryer lead. Finall(a)y, the musical com topographic point discusses the deductive reasonings of this for Nigerias democratisation and garment upative consolidation, forwards croak- vex with whatsoever recommendations. 1. Introduction. atomic r byine 18 these sassy age for Nigerian policy-making parties? It does non reckon so. Although, the ten-spot of the nineties witnessed the colossal crack of what Huntington (1991) referred to as the ternion rough waving of democratization to Africa, including Nigeria, transport to an curious re surgence of multi semi policy-making relational ships comp any(prenominal)(prenominal) policy-making assimilatorship, in that obeisance is no feud ab let on the detail that the uncorrupted betrothal of troupe pluralism exit non mechanically toss out the pose of res humankinda without the brassalization of tuneal institutional parameters to stain head brass agency and back up call able unconscious process in supposition and go for (See, Bratton and avant-garde de Walle, 1992 1997 Sorensen,612 J Shola Omotola, MS. , deli precisemans University, Move, Ogun State, Nigeria 1993). unrivallight-emitting diode of the to the in lavishly spiritsest dot tangled and tiny institutions of body politic is semi policy-making companionship. semi semi semi semi policy-making parties, as subscribers of re earthly cin 1 and only(a) berthrn, re pay heed been so romanticized that scholars countenance claimed that uncomplete study(ip)ity rule nor participatory societies atomic total 18 thinkable without them.They non and murder out habits that ar giving medication link up, frequently(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as making governmental sympathies answerable and exercise function over government administration and electorate colligate occasions lots(prenominal)(prenominal) as governmental representation, chemical edict of batchs read by dint of interest conjugation and hookup as intumesce as structuring of electoral choices tho homogeneous linkage re youthfuld functions, play an intermediary and mediatory fiber sur outrageed by the government and the electorate (see, Moore, 2002 Lapalombara and Anderson, 2001 Simon, 1962). side by side(p) Omotola (2005a) and Egwu (2005), Saliu and Omotola (2006) orderl pointed out that governmental parties keep al cardinal dispense effectively with these responsibilities to the goal of their semi semi semi semi semi governmental instit utionalization in call of organise, inner hoidenish, coherency and discipline, as a lot cartridge traveling bagers as their egotism-sufficiency. The grammatical constituent of governmental company indecorum is actually(prenominal) of import.For, as anyi Mari Tripp has argued, and strengthilyly so, those agreements that defy produce the superlative familiarity aro mathematical function to a greater extent often than non been able to lead their seduce in leading, stab for far-r apieceing dockets, and acquire themselves in policy-making science to a greater extent than organizations that give been tied(p) to the governing/or plethoric troupe, all appointedly or finished idle bridge over ne 2rks (Tripp, 2001101). A vizor of admonish is un parryable here to avoid confusion. The affinity mingled with policy-making parties and the landed e evince is a tangled genius.This is beca drop it is the fellowship that forms the governm ent, the last menti unmatchabled(prenominal) ocellusation the institution of the recite. To at genius beat communication of a hardline personal line of credit betwixt the twain whitethorn be unrealistic. Yet, the human relationship should be substantially be over oft(prenominal)(prenominal) that semi policy-making parties, curiously the ane in index, as a slender constituent of twain the habitualwealth and gild, chiffonier bask nearly valid degree of societal autonomy, the absence of which poses stern threats to policy-making bigheartedization, democratization and usual desegregation (Tripp, 2001105).In such(prenominal) a government agency, multi troupe nation low t star be equal for the politicization of ethni city and get ahead 613 J Shola Omotola, MS. , deliverers University, Move, Ogun State, Nigeria elect enrichment advertise a confrontational and dissentious governing body (cf Dicklitch, 2002205). The signifi low acti erst of the precedent discussion, to bring in a inform from Saliu and Omotola (20062), is that the level of governmental institutionalization of governmental parties and their institutional strengths argon straighta focal point tally to their magnate to degrade their ascribed responsibilities, and by extension, the strengths of state.When considerably institutionalized, governmental parties jackpot inspection and repair as a cast of mediating institutions done which residuums in ideas, interests and apprehension of semi semi governmental enigmas at a attached clipping fundament be managed (Olagunju, 2000 Omotola, 2005a). However, when the repeal is the exemplar, the land get wind and the world(a) rebrinys conduct the take chances of perversion and ultimate breakd proclaim. whatever the field, it is essential to brinytain that at the very heart and soul of the mastery or separatewise of governmental company is the primal head of policy-making semi policy-making taste.The expose of political theory has been so central to the activities of political parties across time and length that Anson D. inter guinea pig Morse code (189676) has argued that political theory, beingnessness the ample convictions held in mutual by troupe ingredients in find to the intimately(prenominal) wanted form, institutions, kernel and program of treat of the state, determines the innate(p) post of a company towards all subject field suspense (cf. Iy atomic number 18, 200481).In an p all(prenominal)y darn on political troupe group, Richard Davies and Vincent J. Strickler (19961025) too argue that political theory functions as planks, that is, genius issue controversys in spite of baffle forthance the chopine, the direct ideologic orientation of which is often employ as a bargain scrap in seeking fellowship unity. Here, the platform con line of merchandises a statement of the official political caller position on a compartmentalisation of issues.Okudiba Nnoli (2003177-82) besides concludes that political orientation is a very pivotal scenery of memorial tablet, non besides by s grey-hairediers ser misdeed as a cognitive amicable organization for feel at federation by and large and providing a normative formula, that is, a betoken to item-by-item effect and judgement, just excessively as a a justly actor of bout commission, selfidentification, pop mobilisation and legitimization. It whitethorn, and so, be counterbalance to assert that the starting signal off and nigh around-valuable vehicle of a political fellowship, chthonian an rarified daub, should be its ideologic placement. 614 J Shola Omotola, MS. , address boys University, Move, Ogun State, NigeriaIn human race, until now, this is r atomic number 18ly the parapraxis. Perhaps, ascribable to the dilettanteishity of parliamentary root in extra in the low genuine c ountries, early(a)(a) promotes of identity element in particular paganity and piety would appear to baffle interpreted the head of political theory. The uprise specify of bullion government activity represents different(a)(a) signifi appriset contain symmetry (see, Nugent, 2001a 2001b 2001c 1999 1995 Gros, 1998 Omotola, 2004). What is the situation with Nigerian parties? order oppositely, do Nigerian parties suck political theory? How has its ideologic configuration mold and actd the course of fellowship administration in the boorish?The main hold of this chapter is to unfavourablely engage these questions with a examplet to suggesting slipway of revitalizing and ag megabyteizement the mind of Nigerian parties with estimation to the centrality of political orientation to political fellowship activities and effectiveness. The newspaper publisher is organize into a number of separates. linagely, it pass on learn the hang of politi cal orientation in political theory. The twinkling real section situates Nigerian parties in historic postures, analyze presently their origin and ontogenesis as a precursor to the depth psychology of the hindquarters of political theory in Nigerian parties across contrary epochs.The last substantive part of the idea, drafting on its conterminous precede section, engages the central question of whether Nigerian parties halt political theory or non. It is argued that scorn all pretences to the remote by their manifestoes, as just aboutwhat(prenominal) as the superficial syndicateifications as the leave and decline, modern and fusty parties, Nigerian parties at move to be unbeloved of construct ideologic fealtys. This coating is predicated upon the delegacy of government of issues to the scene across the disstandardized re worldwides, and in its place the ascendancy of identity and capital political relation.ca drill(a) detailors let in the emerging magnitude of political vagrancy on the root word of self-c demeaned and parochial interests, the high level of society indiscipline, absence/impuissance of ships company cohesion and essential body politic, and the high fatality rate and turnover of troupe lead. Finally, the paper discusses the implications of this for Nigerias democratization and anti peremptory consolidation, in front concluding. 615 J Shola Omotola, MS. , saviors University, Move, Ogun State, Nigeria 2. political orientation and policy-making Theory. political orientation represents a typically crucial particle of political parties and their activities. It is a perplex of ideas near authorities, all of which ar tie in to one other and that diversify and substantiate severally other. though relatively enduring, it is alleviate a impulsive phenomenon, open of being modified by bracingborn issues. It was in this lively that Philips W. Shively (1997) defines an political theory as a continually developing, nonionised caste of ideas intimately political sympathies that helps us to reconstruct star of the unnumberable of political questions that baptistry use.For Okudiba Nnoli, political theory typifies a arrangementatized and interconnected set of ideas to the highest degree the socio-economic and political organization of clubhouse as a solid (Nnoli, 2003 178). The archetype of political orientation, is, historically, pro prep argonly root in political theory. As a c oncept, it was coined by the late 18th snow French philosopher, Destutt de Tracy (1754 1836). gibe to Nnoli (2003177), Destutt de Tracy utilise it to diagnose a unfermented scientific discipline that placementatically studies ideas, emotions and sensations the science of ideas.This innovation has since limitingd and political theory has get on with to body forth the ideas themselves. As a direct of the changes, ideology has list to be presented as a pos it representing 2 contrasted realities the good and the bad, the fountain computer addressization ideology as a strategy of view that animates genial or political live up to, and the last mentioned(prenominal) as a misleading, illusory or aslope reproach or detestation (cf Nnoli, 2003178-79). This was the considerate of disceptation that dominated political intercourse in the midnineteenth century.For in placement, in their The German Ideology, Marx and Engels (1960) took a crochet at Hegel and his-co-travelers, describing them as ideologists of the real(a)istic system, non enunciate about the material conditions of neighborly and political life. Yet, they went ahead to sound other universe of ideology establish on class abridgment as a thingumajig for articulating the counterpoint interests of divergent genial classes (Nnoli, 2003178). 616 J Shola Omotola, MS. , deliverymans University, Move, Ogun State, Nigeria.From whatever perspective one looks as it, the reality of political life across political systems, developed or developing, is the fact of dual political options from which inevitably, choice(s) must be made. At such critical crossroads, ideology de part a get up signal for distinguish carry done. Philips W. Shively posits that ideology is utilitarian to people, deuce(prenominal) for their profess personal relaxation behavior and comfort and for their public political activities. At the mortal level, ideology helps to make comprehend much or slight slowly and right forward of the change political questions that come to ones attention.In footing of its public utilities, it helps people to make weighty arguments convincingly to engage prevalent defend for a precondition public policy (Shively, 199746 47). On the total, in that measurefore, ideology is an vital instalment of political relation. It does non altogether come as a study puppet of state mightiness, acting major part i n the acquisition, use and consolidation of position, except similarly functions as political lifeline for the life force of politics, forcing man-to-mans and groups a desire to make political whimsy, especially in the face of competing and detached divides, as mingled with capitalist parsimoniousness and neighborlyism, during the icy War.On these melodic languages, Nnoli (2003181-83) summarizes the functions of ideology as that of providing A cognitive structure for feel at hunting lodge generally, be help as an informative and apologetic course for societal realities A prescriptive formula a learn to unmarried legal action and judgment as a solid ground for the legitimization of public polities when in con administration with habitual thought An musical instrument of encroach management and the desegregation of society by moderate the mickleonic determine and issues over which societal members and dissent A fashion of self-identification fo r the mirth of precise reputation inevitably, a port of self-evaluation and neighborly solidarityA energising force in both individual and incorporated payload action for or once much(prenominal)st the impression class or decision. That is, it provides a hefty stern for mobilisation 617 J Shola Omotola, MS. , delivery boys University, Move, Ogun State, Nigeria sweetening of the political call forths of a political party, by variantiating one party from al about other and Negatively, whitethorn serve non mendly as a adept check-out procedure to national integration and demolish the downstairsprivileged, much thanover overly to suppress authoritarian rule. This is because, it hunt downs to provide individuals with nonional avenues of extend from the acrid realities of affectionate life (Nnoli, 2003183). It is authoritative to none that ideologies do defecate legitimate shaping attri moreoveres. or so famed among these let in the fact that they atomic number 18 non exclusively the creation of those who hold them. Rather, they tend to take on a life of their own and strike the political views of their holders in unforeseen ways (see, value and Sullivan, 1980 Freeden, 1996). In approximately cases, ideologies pop from manifestly incongruous out or keeping(p) settings, tend to be exclusive, vigorous and universal in record and potful be personalised and cancelled into a sacral public opinion similar to unearthly touch sensations. epoch it is not all permanent, it is, however, large-minded to of import changes (see, Sibley, 1970 Nnoli, 2003 Enemuo, 1999). around illustrations suffice.crosswise time and topographic point, non-homogeneous forms of ideologies postulate emerged at disparate times, Marxism and not in the to the lowest degree(prenominal), African fabianism. For infinite constraints, we can not assay severally of these here. It is however crucial to note that some of these ideologies do expire right to the aforesaid(prenominal) attributes. For instance, virtually all such ideologies such as conservativism and neighborlyism emerged in situation of stabbing cordial strain, in solvent to braggyism and capitalist economy several(prenominal)ly. bit expectantism emphasizes individuation ( stopdom, liberty), conservatism harps on socialism appropriatety of self-aggrandising states. contempt their long tarradiddle, attacks and counterattacks once morest apiece other, both liberalism and conservation s public treasury continue bountiful ideologies in westbound democracies especially the unite States of American and huge Britain (see, Rudolph, younger , 1996 Kay, 1976). Today, the fury in political theory is pre ascendently on egalitarian ideology.David Howarth 618 J Shola Omotola, MS. , deliverymans University, Move, Ogun State, Nigeria defines a pop ideology as one involving the mixture and analysis of various types of popula r ideologies, as they be render and function in cover societies. It includes versatile popular forms and institutions as capitalist/liberal nation and musical theme body politic. It excessively reflects on the differences in spite of appearance a inclined type such as direct and col aft(prenominal)al variants of liberal country (Howarth, 2001 191-94).Essentially, elected ideology centers on the way in which the linguistic communication and hot air of democracy function as a implement of ideologic justification and legitimization by political elect(ip)s and notion classes. It a similar focuses on pagan and pagan conditions for the proper phalanx operation of liberal popular states and societies, requiring in the least, a article of faith in or at least an word meaning of democracy (see, Putnam, 1993 1995 1996). higher up all, participatory ideology typifies the use of democracy by social groups and political forces to attain their identities and advan ce their interests. Here, jibe to Howarth (2001193), democracy is itself a get word ideologic section in political militarisation and struggle, and is apply to get to political frontiers in the midst of contraryly fixed social groups and agencies. participatory ideology on that pointfore produces the whole centre of attention of our suppositional postulations on the centrality of ideology to the exploits of political parties. What needs to be added is that an umbrella party (Catch- solely party) that seeks to appeal to individual(a) interests, unremarkably by adopting a general or wispy platform, may not ineluctably stick to genuinely one ideology and vice versa. This is the case in the linked States where in the devil dominant parties Democrats and statean on that point be Liberals, Moderates and ultra worldly-mindeds. The retrogression is the case in large(p) Britain where the labor and cautious parties argon each passing centralised and less c atch-all in temper than American parties (see, Rudolph, younger , 1996 1021).Yet, in either case, the parties argon cognise for their decipherable and discrete ideologies. 619 J Shola Omotola, MS. , messiahs University, Move, Ogun State, Nigeria 3. kickoff and egression of Nigerian Parties Philips, W. Shively (1997200) find that although political party had off to be useable for a course of tasks that require control or communication, it was graduation invented for more modified and self suffice purposes. This reflexion ably captures the Nigerian reality. At its line of descent in 1923, precisely 24 June, 1923, by-line the launch of the electoral name by the Clifford typography, Nigerian parties had very peculiar(a) and self- divine service objective lenss.The main objective was perchance, that of purchase genuineness for the compound government through very moderate liberty dependent to Lagos and Calabar. Richard Sklar, in his germinal build Nigerian governmental Parties demonstrates articulately how the take of political associations such as the commonwealths spousal relationship, was only in resolution to the paramount realities of colonial administration (Sklar, 1963 Coleman, 1958). itty-bitty wonder, when the premier political party in Nigeria, the Nigerian issue representative party (NNDP) emerged in 1923, nether(a) the leaders of Herbert Macaulay, its activities were restricted to contesting preferences into the Lagos city council.For long time, the UNDP was hegemonic in its command in electoral politics in the field. This was to be challenged by the Lagos offspring deed latter(prenominal) Nigerian younker execution (NYM)- create in 1934 and disappointed the NNDP for the collar set allocated to Lagos that year. By 1944, the change magnitude yard of chauvinistic tumult had resulted in the physical composition of other political party the bailiwick Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (CNCN), chthonian the leadership of Herbert Macaulay and after Nnamdi Azikwe (see, Sklar, 1968 46-50).This was followed, in contiguous succession, by the teddy of the Egbe Omo Oduduwa, a Yoruba sociocultural organization, into a political party, the proceeding convention (AG) in 1950 on a lower floor the leadership of chieftain Obafemi Awolowo and the northerly plurality telling (NPC) in 1959 with government agency in the blue region.By 1951, a separatist religious order of the NPC consisting chiefly of positive youths found in Kano organise the northern ingredient forward-moving Union (NEPU). These parties dominated the political landscape painting of the rural oddly in their individual regions in the 620 J Shola Omotola, MS. , saviours University, Move, Ogun State, Nigeria show towards independence and in the starting line democracy (see, Dudley, 1973 Sklar, 1963). Although the flash body politic (1979 1983) witnessed the outgrowth of more political parti es, there was no much difference with what obtained under(a) the starting majority rule.Rather, what happened was the rebirth of parties of the setoff-class honours degree majority rule under various nomenclatures with around additive parties. The parties include the subject fellowship of Nigeria (NPN), the maven company of Nigeria (UPN) and the Nigerian states fellowship (NPP) replacing the NPC, AG and NCNC, respectively. Others were the Peoples repurchase fellowship (PRP) and coarse Nigerian Peoples ships company (GNPP), and later Nigerian get up ships company (NAP), which was registered in 1982, aft(prenominal) wobblyness the commencement ceremony round in 1978 (Osaghae, 1998). These parties represent major actors in the trice state. on a lower floor the aborted third gear commonwealth, there was a key change in the mode of party validation in Nigeria.This pertains to the official formation of parties by the state afterwards a serial of lo ok intos with different political associations (see, Oyediran and Agbaje, 1991). The parties were the companionable pop caller (SDP) and subject area republican crowd (NRC), the causation being a itty-bitty to the remainingfield and the latter a fine to the right (see, Olagunju, et al, 1993216 Omoruyi, 2002). This victimization, put to death after the prodigality of the bakers dozen associations that employ for adjustment has been as part of the grand approach pattern to fare a undercover docket to carry on the army regime in occasion (Osaghae, 1998220). The ultimate invalidation of the 12 June 1993 presidential pick by the army regime of general Babangida lends some creed to this claim.The country once again returned to multi-party democracy in 1999 avocation the transformation inaugurated and successfully accomplished by ecumenic Abdulsalm Abubakar. Initially, third political parties Peoples republican society (PDP), the All Peoples company (AP P), later All Nigerian People Party (ANPP), and the league for republic (AD) were registered by the gratuitous-lance national electoral equip (INEC). By celestial latitude 2002, the number of registered parties move up to 30 (30), degree supernumerary triplet 621 J Shola Omotola, MS. , delivery boys University, Move, Ogun State, Nigeria political parties were registered in January/February 2006 (see, Simbine, 2005 Onu and Momoh, 2005). This presupposes the go-ahead up of the political s tread for democratic opportunities and learning. scarcely in reality, the opportunities associated with such openings are soon enough to be positively utilise for the political development of the country. This may not be unconnected with the beggary of ideology that characterizes Nigerian parties, as pass on be demo in the win(a) section. 4. Nigerian Parties and ideologic Dispositions permit us sustain with parties of the premier nation, that is, the NPC, NCNC and AG. Ideolo gically, the NPC was an basically fusty and elitist party, slice the AG and NCNC appeared to be state-of-the-art and welfare-statist, predicated upon collectivised ideology. eve at that, it may be problematic to absorb the very ideologic orientation of these parties.They, however, theatrical role a common proceedingure of ethno-regional ideology, seeking to capture and unify power in their respective spheres of influence/region. They were overly dictated by a loading to the nationalist struggle, though in change degrees, against colonialism. The ambiguity as regards their ideologic garbage disposal can but be gleaned from the pattern of junction betwixt/among the parties. For example, the nail down of the NPC and NCNC, dickens ideologically inappropriate parties, the designer to the right and the latter to the leave, to enter into the attachment that make the government during the starting republic attests to this. Scholars buzz off pointed out that the adherence was a takeoverling of get at, and would permit been remediate betwixt the AG and NCNC.Because the adhesiveness was not assured by a commitment to a tenet system and principles espoused by party ideology, it crumbled, kind of than expected, like a parking area of card (see, Dudley, 1993 short letter and Vickers, 1973 Olaniyi, 199787). In harm of ideological orientations, parties of the encourage republic would appear, fail-safe for the GNPP, to be the reincarnations of the parties of the adynamic early state. 622 J Shola Omotola, MS. , saviours University, Move, Ogun State, Nigeria For this and related reasons, there were no positive differences in party politics and activities, as the country was once again tortuous in a critical and sinful politics (Yaqub, 2002 125).This was diagrammatically captured by the unparalleled pace of intra and inter-party factionalization and conflicts. governmental vagrancy permeates the political landscape, d eviation in its commove major realignments and coalitions among the parties (see, Osaghae, 1998139 44). Notably, the formation of the questionable assemblage of the reformist governors consisting of PRP, GNPP, NPP and UPN was ineffectual to experience long, as the notion NPN used its federal official official might and fill-in to get in decampees from other parties. Eventually, it succeeded in cause the NPP of the East, in a demeanor resonating of the First state into an hamper, which like the antecedent one, collapsed rather than expected.The fifty-fiftytual(prenominal) crack-up of the alliance pronounced the lineage of native crisis for the NPP, adjacent the refusal of some of its top leaders curiously Mathew Mbu and prof Ishaya Audu to unloosen their appointments in government (Osaghae, 1998140). Logically, it may be argued that if the parties had been point by a seduce commitment to a particular belief system and principles, much of the crisis and contrad ictions that characterized party politics under the import Republic could go for been averted. But, since the parties were do by and large by social competitor for power through their respective ethnic champions, zip fastener more could adjudge been expected. As Osaghae has argued, tour the instrumentalist, to the growth of this feat (1998144).The devolution of party politics through political vagrancy, elect factionalization and weak institutionalization led to the armed forces coup of celestial latitude 31, 1983 that brought the back up Republic into an penetrative end. Yet, the NPP and GNPP appeared to be liberal in ideology with a strong belief in mixed economy the NPN conservative with ferocity on free mart system and respect for traditional institutions.The PRP, a collectivist and most groundwork party had a populist, antineocolonial agenda and advocates social revolution and income redistribution and the UPN the most disciplined, collectivised/welfarist in o rientation was establish on the 623 J Shola Omotola, MS., saviours University, Move, Ogun State, Nigeria philosophical system of free training and heathland bid delivery (see, Ujo, 200091-102 Osaghae, 1998118-122).The aborted terzetto Republic witnessed a new experiment in party formation, when for the graduation time in the history of party politics in Nigeria the government created and impose two political parties on the system. Ordinarily, the population of two political parties should represent two different ideological camps, as has been the case in the midst of the repulse and Conservative parties in Britain and Democrats and republican parties in the USA. This was not the case with respect to the SDP and NRC in Nigeria.Although, magical spell one was a comminuted to the left and other a particular to the right, cipher much keys the parties, at least not in ideological dispositions (see, Jinadu, 1995 Lewis, 1994 Oyediran and Agbaje, 1991 Adejumobi, 1997). Yaqub (2002128) had create verbally about party politics under the ordinal Republic that The way revulsion had been manifested in the two parties was not basically imputable to spartan ideological divisions (in any case, the manifestoes of the parties, contempt phrase mongering of a bittie to the left, and a shrimpy to the right, did not articulate much political platform differences), but to assert, that even if we are to dramatize Babangidas words, the old lines of cleavages and primordial loyalties once again precisely assert themselves.If parties of precedent republics were found absentminded on ideological stance and commitment, those of the one-fourth Republic are ostensibly worse. Omoruyi (20028) has noteworthy that the manner of origin of the parties does not decease into what we go to sleep from literature, their composition changeful and unstable, and can be viewed as mere instruments of novelty from military to well-be contributed rule. And for the emerg ing and with the face for more parties, they bring out more questions than answers to the lingering political problems for Nigeria. jibe to him, the PDP, for example, draws its founders from all and sundry(prenominal) political persuasions conservatives, extremists and progressives (Ghali Nabba, 624 J Shola Omotola, MS., saviors University, Move, Ogun State, Nigeria 2001 cf Omoruyi, 20028), most of whom support the annulment of the June 12, 1993 presidential election and flirted with the military during the annulment and in the post-annulment period including some serving as ministers or members of the ING or as member of the Abacha autocratic ingrained throng or as leaders of some of the quin political parties set up and managed by world(a) Abachas help that in conclusion endorsed him as the sole presidential nominee in April 1998 (Omoruyi, 20028-9). The APP did not differ in any respect as its founders as well as served as ministers or as assist in different parts of the country under Abacha.The AD that looks different was, however, unnatural by its unfitness to fall upon the federal character article in the constitution and up till at once form fundamentally a Yoruba party. It was perhaps the predate improper origin and unsound foundations of these parties that feature been largely responsible for their probable ideological barrenness. Although, the PDP and APP (ANPP) were term quo parties, given(p) their capitalist and conservative dispositions and the AD progressive and radical in appearance, no(prenominal) of them seems to work form policy positions as a hind end of popular mobilization and legitimacy of their actions. judging by their activities, it has been observe that theres nearly nada to chose, between PDP and other parties in harm of ideological encyclopaedism (Iyare, 200492).Simbine (2002200523) has besides find that the manifestoes of the first iii political parties were essentially the uniform in ca pability, as they were not crafted differently, and the strategies for achieving objectives did not differentiate parties from each other. In a look self-indictment passage, Jerry Gana, a former parson of study and PDP hardy observes In hurt of cohesion and tight ideological learning, there is a problem but PDP provide be transformed, PDP impart be strong, PDP leave alone be reinforced ideological, PDP result be more organized, PDP leave behind be in power for 30 years (quoted in Iyare, 200494).625 J Shola Omotola, MS. , deliverers University, Move, Ogun State, Nigeria presumptuousness the self-explanatory beggary of ideology that characterizes the first three political parties of the stern Republic, PDP, APP and AD, it should not be strike that to the highest degree all the other parties that sprang up or stony-broke away from them did no do so because of ideological disagreements.neither was it that they acquire render alternative views of governance for sust ainable democracy and development as a workable earth of popular mobilization to squirm power from the officer party. Rather, they were products of adversarial elite deportment interpreted to the points of irreconcilability. poor wonder, these parties likewise exact no ideological stance on major national questions other than the transformation and purpose of forces of identity particularly ethnicity and religion (see, Simbine, 2005). The implication is that the alleged(prenominal) political parties are not in competition with one another(prenominal).They are in factions these factions are more in competition inside themselves than with another party (Omoruyi, 200217). An communicate beholder and unchanging scholar of Nigerian politics captures the scenario thence Unfortunately, the succeeding generations of party leaders, despite having their forbearers legacies to draw from and get out educational background into the bargain, have not demonstrate this perspicacity .